四级阅读训练（二）

Passage One

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.

I'm usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago. While any of these statements might be true, they are practically impossible to prove scientifically. Still, I was struck by a report which concluded that today's children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s. In fact, the analysis showed, normal children ages 9 to 17 exhibit a higher level of anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50 years ago.

    Why are America's kids so stressed? The report cites two main causes: increasing physical isolation -- brought on by high divorce rates and less involvement in community, among other things -- and a growing perception that the world is a more dangerous place.

    Given that we can't turn the clock back, adults can still do plenty to help the next generation cope.

    At the top of the list is nurturing a better appreciation of the limits of individualism. No child is an island. Strengthening social ties helps build communities and protect individuals against stress.

To help kids build stronger connections with others, you can pull the plug on TVs and computers. Your family will thank you later. They will have more time for face-to-face relationships, and they will get more sleep.

    Limit the amount of virtual violence your children are exposed to. It's not just video games and movies; children see a lot of murder and crime on the local news.

    Keep your expectations for your children reasonable. Many highly successful people never attended Harvard or Yale.

    Make exercise part of your daily routine. It will help you cope with your own anxieties and provide a good model for your kids. Sometimes anxiety is unavoidable. But it doesn't have to ruin your life.

1. The author thinks that the conclusions of any research about people's state of mind are______.

A) surprising      B) confusing            C) illogical      D) questionable

2. What does the author mean when he says, "we can't turn the clock back" (Line 1, Para. 3)?

A) It's impossible to slow down the pace of change.

B) The social reality children are facing cannot be changed.

C) Lessons learned from the past should not be forgotten.

D) It's impossible to forget the past.

3. According to an analysis, compared with normal children today, children treated as mentally ill 50 years ago____.

A) were less isolated physically            

B) were probably less self-centered  

C) probably suffered less from anxiety      

D) were considered less individualistic

4. The first and most important thing parents should do to help their children is ____.

A) to provide them with a safer environment    

B)to lower their expectations for them

C) to get them more involved socially          

D) to set a good model for them to follow

5. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?

A) Anxiety, though unavoidable, can be coped with.  

B) Children's anxiety has been enormously exaggerated.

C) Children's anxiety can be eliminated with more parental care.

D) Anxiety, if properly controlled, may help children become mature.

Passage Two

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.

It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because once you are inside, the organizational constraints influence wage increases. One thing, however, is certain: your chances of getting the raise you feel you deserve are less if you don't at least ask for it. Men tend to ask for more, and they get more, and this holds true with other resources, not just pay increases. Consider Beth's story:

    I did not get what I wanted when I did not ask for it. We had cubicle offices and window offices. I sat in the cubicles with several male colleagues. One by one they were moved into window offices, while I remained in the cubicles, several males who were hired after me also went to offices. One in particular told me he was next in line for an office and that it had been part of his negotiations for the job. I guess they thought me content to stay in the cubicles since I did not voice my opinion either way.

    It would be nice if we all received automatic pay increases equal to our merit but "nice" isn't a quality attributed to most organizations. If you feel you deserve a significant raise in pay, you'll probably have to ask for it.

Performance is your best bargaining chip when you are seeking a raise. You must be able to demonstrate that you deserve a raise. Timing is also a good bargaining chip. If you can give your boss something he or she needs (a new client or a sizable contract, for example) just before merit pay decisions are being made, you are more likely to get the raise you want.

Use information as a bargaining chip too. Find out what you are worth on the open market.

What will someone else pay for your services?

    Go into the negotiations prepared to place your chips on the table at the appropriate time and prepared to use communication style to guide the direction of the interaction.

6. According to the passage, before taking a job, a person should _____.

A) demonstrate his capability              

B) give his boss a good impression

C) ask for as much money as he can         

D) ask for the salary he hopes to get

7. What can be inferred from Beth's story?

A) Prejudice against women still exists in some organizations.

B) If people want what they deserve, they have to ask for it.

C) People should not be content with what they have got.

D) People should be careful when negotiating for a job.

8. We can learn from the passage that ____.

A) unfairness exists in salary increases         

B) most people are overworked and underpaid

C) one should avoid overstating one's performance

D) most organizations give their staff automatic pay raises

9. To get a pay raise, a person should______.

A) advertise himself on the job market  

B) persuade his boss to sign a long-term contract

C) try to get inside information about the organization

D) do something to impress his boss just before merit pay decisions

10. To be successful in negotiations, one must_____.

A) meet his boss at the appropriate time       

B) arrive at the negotiation table punctually

C) be good at influencing the outcome of the interaction

D) be familiar with what the boss likes and dislikes

Passage Three

Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.

When families gather for Christmas dinner, some will stick to formal traditions dating back to Grandma's generation. Their tables will be set with the good dishes and silver, and the dress code will be Sunday-best.

    But in many other homes, this china-and-silver elegance has given way to a stoneware-and-stainless informality, with dresses assuming an equally casual-Friday look. For hosts and guests, the change means greater simplicity and comfort. For makers of fine china in Britain, it spells economic hard times.

Last week Royal Doulton, the largest employer in Stoke-on-Trent, announced that it is eliminating 1,000jobs -- one-fifth of its total workforce. That brings to more than 4,000 the number of positions lost in 18 months in the pottery region. Wedgwood and other pottery factories made cuts earlier.

    Although a strong pound and weak markets in Asia play a role in the downsizing, the layoffs in Stoke have their roots in earthshaking social shifts. A spokesman for Royal Doulton admitted that the company "has been somewhat slow in catching up with the trend" toward casual dining. Families eat together less often, he explained, and more people eat alone, either because they are single or they eat in front of television.

Even dinner parties, if they happen at all, have gone casual. In a time of long work hours and demanding family schedules, busy hosts insist, rightly, that it's better to share a takeout pizza on paper plates in the family room than to wait for the perfect moment or a "real" dinner party. Too often, the perfect moment never comes. Iron a fine-patterned tablecloth? Forget it. Polish the silver? Who has time?

Yet the loss of formality has its down side. The fine points of etiquette that children might once have learned at the table by observation or instruction from parents and grandparents ("Chew with your mouth closed." "Keep your elbows off the table.") must be picked up elsewhere. Some companies now offer etiquette seminars for employees who may be competent professionally but clueless socially.

11. The trend toward casual dining has resulted in_____.

A) bankruptcy of fine china manufacturers      

B) shrinking of the pottery industry

C) restructuring of large enterprises          

D) economic recession in Great Britain

12. Which of the following may be the best reason for casual dining?

A) Family members need more time to relax.

B) Busy schedules leave people no time for formality.

C) People want to practice economy in times of scarcity.

D) Young people won't follow the etiquette of the older generation.

13. It can be learned from the passage that Royal Doulton is_____.

A) a retailer of stainless steel tableware    

B) a dealer in stoneware

C) a pottery chain store                      

D) a producer of fine china

14. The main cause of the layoffs in the pottery industry is_____.

A) the increased value of the pound            

B) the economic recession in Asia

C) the change in people's way of life          

D) the fierce competition at home and abroad

15. Refined table manners, though less popular than before in current social life_____.

A) are still a must on certain occasions       

B) are bound to return sooner or later

C) are still being taught by parents at home   

D) can help improve personal relationships

Passage Four

Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.

Some houses are designed to be smart. Others have smart designs. An example of the second type of house won an Award of Excellence from the American Institute of Architects.

    Located on the shore of Sullivan's Island off the coast of South Carolina, the award-winning cube-shaped beach house was built to replace one smashed to pieces by Hurricane Hugo 10 years ago. In September 1989, Hugo struck South Carolina, killing 18 people and damaging or destroying 36,000 homes in the state.

    Before Hugo, many new houses built along South Carolina's shoreline were poorly constructed, and enforcement of building codes wasn't strict, according to architect Ray Huff, who created the cleverly-designed beach house. In Hugo's wake, all new shoreline houses are required to meet stricter, better-enforced codes. The new beach house on Sullivan's Island should be able to withstand a Category 3 hurricane with peak winds of 179 to 209 kilometers per hour.

At first sight, the house on Sullivan's Island looks anything but hurricane-proof. Its redwood shell makes it resemble "a large party lantern" at night, according to one observer. But looks can be deceiving. The house's wooden frame is reinforced with long steel rods to give it extra strength.

    To further protect the house from hurricane damage, Huff raised it 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings -- long, slender columns of wood anchored deep in the sand. Pilings might appear insecure, but they are strong enough to support the weight of the house. They also elevate the house above storm surges. The pilings allow the surges to run under the house instead of running into it. "These swells of water come ashore at tremendous speeds and cause most of the damage done to beach-front buildings," said Huff.

Huff designed the timber pilings to be partially concealed by the house's ground-to-roof shell. "The shell masks the pilings so that the house doesn't look like it's standing with its pant legs pulled up," said Huff. In the event of a storm surge, the shell should break apart and let the waves rush under the house, the architect explained.

16. After the tragedy caused by Hurricane Hugo, new houses built along South Carolina's shore line are required_____.

A) to be easily reinforced                       

B) to look smarter in design

C) to meet stricter building standards           

D) to be designed in the shape of cubes

17. The award-winning beach house is quite strong because____.

A) it is strengthened by steel rods  

B) it is made of redwood

C) it is in the shape of a shell     

D) it is built with timber and concrete

18. Huff raised the house 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings in order to _____.

A) withstand peak winds of about 200 km/hr      

B) anchor stronger pilings deep in the sand

C) break huge sea waves into smaller ones       

D) prevent water from rushing into the house

19. The main function of the shell is        .

A) to strengthen the pilings of the house        

B) to give the house a better appearance

C) to protect the wooden frame of the house      

D) to slow down the speed of the swelling water

20. It can be inferred from the passage that the shell should be____.

A) fancy-looking     B) waterproof         C) easily breakable        D) extremely strong

参考答案及详解

1. [D]。注意本文第一句话，skeptical(怀疑的)和questionable(可疑的)的意思在这是一样的。

2. [B]。这句话的意思是即使大人们没有办法改变现状(The social reality)，也可以做一些事来帮助孩子。

3.[C]。从第一段最后一句知道，现在的孩子比以前被视为精神病的孩子更焦虑。B在文中没有提。A、D干扰项来自第二和第四段，但都只是和现在和以前的正常孩子相比，注意题目比较的对象。

4. [C]。注意第四段开头的At the top of the list…与题目的The first and most important thing意思接近， Strengthening social ties和C的to get them more involved socially意思也一样。

5. [A]。 从最后一段得知，尽管焦虑无法避免，但可以通过一些方法克服。

6.[D]。第一段第一句就说明从一开始就商量好对薪水的要求比进了公司以后更容易。

7. [B]。实际上这是本文的主旨，第一、二、三段都有提及。

8.[A]。文章再三强调要获得工资提升需要自己提出要求，往往要求的多得的也多，不要求的话往往会忽视你的需要，因此存在着不平等。B没有提及。C来自第四段第一句，实际上作者鼓励人们把自己的工作表现作为提高工资的筹码。D说的情况与第三段第一句相反。

9. [D]。从第四段最后一句可选对答案。A、C干扰项来自第五段，文中是说应该多在劳动市场了解自己的价值。

10. [C]。最后一段use communication style to guide the direction of the interaction和influencing the outcome of the interaction意思相同。A干扰项也来自最后一段，但本文的意思是在适当的时间摆出自己的筹码。

11. [B]。第二、四段提到正餐的随意化引起了陶器业的经济危机，使大量工人被解聘，陶器企业规模缩小。其它选项都有夸大程度或范围的问题。

12. [B]。第5段说明了原因：人们工作太忙。

13. [D]。第二段最后说正餐随意化对陶瓷制造商的影响，接着第三段就说Royal Doulto，因为不景气而裁员，而其它制造商也早就进行裁员了。

14. [C]。A、B干扰项来自第四段第一句，注意Although表转折，排除B，pound在文中意思是重击，在A表示英镑，用法不一样。实际上是另有根源，那就是人们生活方式越来越随意化。

15. [A]。最后一段说餐桌礼仪在家已经不流行了，孩子只能在别的地方学，排除C,B、D没有提到。但是有的公司为员工提供礼仪培训，说明礼仪在社会一些场合还是必要的。

16. [C]。这个问题出自第三段第二句话，意思一样，只是有些地方换了另一种方式表达。

17. [A]。看第四段最后一句，其它选项前面都有提到，但A才是坚固的原因。

18. [D]。从第五段第二句可选对答案，其它选项不是根本目的。

19. [B]。从最后一段第一句可知，贝壳可以隐蔽木桩，起美观的作用。

20. [C]。推断题。第四段描述房子的外表象贝壳，表面上很不坚固，但外表是容易欺骗人的。