新四级难点考前冲刺：快速阅读制胜完全攻略

　　凌波微步：新四级之快速阅读全解

　　I.是常规技术，不是特异功能

新四级阅读的最大变化，是新增了专门的“快速阅读”，对考生心理挑战最大。似乎对速度的要求突然间猛增，让人手足无措。其实不然。

　　阅读速度的提高，也就是扫描和略读技术的掌握。所谓扫描，就是有文章中寻找一个特定的信息，所谓略读，就是以最快的速度获取最重要的信息，也就是文章的主旨和基本结构，再直接一点就是全文在说什么话题，每段分别讲哪个方面。

　　扫描和略读是阅读的应有之义，不是现在跳出来的特异功能。此前四篇文章的那种传统阅读，我们也会感觉到速度有问题。而问题的症结，正是在于这两大技术的掌握。因为一篇文章四五道题，也就是说只考文章重要信息和一部分特定信息。而如果能有过硬的略读术，快速找到文章的核心信息；又能够快速扫描，找到题目所需要的具体信息，而不在无关信息上纠缠，速度自然就快了起来。

　　信息社会，对速度的要求越来越高。然而很多人如老牛破车，总是怪哪个单词不认识，哪个句子读不懂，苦苦挣扎，不知所以：他所纠缠的那个词或者句子，可能根本与解题无关。

　　所以有快速阅读出，考的不是新的玩意儿，只是将我们在阅读中最常见而又最被忽略的问题专门提出，加以强化，借以引起我们的重视。从历史上看，四级对于阅读速度的要求，也不是一时的心血来潮，而是一个连续的过程。2002年，四级平均阅读量是284个单词/文；2003年6月，这个数字增加到300个单词/文；而到了2005年两次考试，分别达到320和333。

　　所以快速阅读实在与传统阅读相辅相成。传统阅读很好，尤其如果速度不成问题，快速阅读自在掌握之中；而快速阅读如果练好了，对于传统阅读，当有如虎添翼之功。

　　不要怕。

　　没有掌握的，老老实实学会，就那么几招。学会了，其它的阅读也才会如履平地；掌握了的，当然更不用怕。

　　下面以真题为例，看要些什么招，如何使。

　　II.解题三招

　　第一招 定点清除

　　要从文章里找到想要的信息，先要明白你想要什么信息，才能有的放矢。而为了寻找的方便，不能把题目整个句子背下来――问题是背不下来。所以要划出尽量少但最有效的寻找依据。注意现在要寻找的是定位依据，所以选择的标准是：1)原文当中一定会出现。不出现，就找不着；2)只有一个地方出现。到处都是，也不知道哪儿才是答案所在；3)最好文章与题目形式相同，形式鲜明，有利于找到。所以划定位线索遵循以下原则。

　　第一，形式最鲜明的专有名词和数字时间，而且多多益善。因为这些也有可能是不止一次出现，有两个或者以上，就能比较确定。

　　要注意读出隐性的数字，也就是本身没有数字，但暗示文章里有数字。

　　1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.

　　2.General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two lane highways of America.

　　3. It was in the 1950s that the American government finally took action to build a national high way system.

　　1是鲜明的1921； 2有General Eisenhower, 再加上German, 还有America(但America定位的意义不大，因为它是贯穿全文的――文章讲的就是美国的事情)；3也有鲜明的1950s, 参照American government.

　　但也要读出5和9所暗示的数字。

　　5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other american roads.

　　Death rate当然可能用数字来表达。

　　9. Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than ________________.

　　More than后面也可能是数字。

　　第二，如果没有如此鲜明的标志，其次找本句的核心概念。还要注意这是为了在原文中寻找相应的东西，所以不一定是意义最重要或者对文章最重要，而是在原文中最可能明确地找到。

　　4. Many of the problems presented by the country’s geographical features found solutions in innovative engineering projects.

　　5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other American roads.

　　6. The interstate highway system provids access between major military installations in America.

　　7. Service stations, motels and restaurants promoted the development of the interstate higway system.

　　4中，在原文中最容易找的会是什么？是很多问题，还是地理特征，还是创造性的工程？应该说都可能。这时候problem好，还是geographical feature等好？对定位而言，可能长得比较怪异的更打眼一些，虽然可能不认识。

　　5中，safety consideration可以考虑，而death rate要么是原词，要么是数字，很好用。至于American roads这个概念太泛，不专一，就很难说了。

　　6中，interstate highway system是文章的核心概念，反复出现，反而是最不好的定位词。Access between military installations比较怪异，是应该留意的对象。America再次出现，再次贬值。

　　7当然是主语重要，宾语是文章主题，对定位无益。

　　第三，留意一些逻辑关系。如时间前后，容易混乱；因果关系，不容颠倒；比较关系，严格对应；最高级别，要有依据。

　　1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.

　　时间：By 1921是在此之前，到此时为止。

　　2.General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two lane highways of America.

　　比较：说的是德国的比美国的好。

　　5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other American roads.

　　比较：高速路死亡路高于马路。

　　7. Service stations, motels and restaurants promoted the development of the interstate higway system.

　　因果：服务性的东西促进高速路发展。

　　8. The greatest benefit brought about by the interstate system was __________.

　　最高级：最大的好处，意味着原文可能不只一个好处，搜索范围可能较大。

　　第四，一时之间，难以判断，就多划几个词，或者注意整句的意思。只要大部分的划出来了核心，有一个两个模糊，问题不大。

第二招 凌波微步

　　凌波微步不是瞎走，是有心法的。其核心就是该读的读，不该读的要跳过。怎么判断？从两个方面来说。

　　一方面，我们要什么？

　一是全文话题，也就是全文说什么

　　二是全文结构，也就是各段说什么

　　三是题目考点，也就是读题时我们划出的东西。

　　另一方面，我们不要什么？

　　跟以上三者无关的段落

　　跟以上三者无关的句子，及句子中无关的词、短语、从句等

　　注意所谓选择不是无原则的，瞎抓肯定不行。一定是抓住了必须抓住的，才能有把握地放弃其它的。抓住了结构，才能放弃一些段落；抓住了句子的核心，才能确定其余部分可以不管。下面分述之。

　　一、注意标题

　　文章的标题，告诉我们第一个要素：话题。如果还分成几个部分有小标题，那是告诉我们结构。所以标题是要首先注意，充分利用。此文告诉我们：主题是highways.

　　二、段落有主次

　　以三大核心为标准，段落不是等量齐观的，有些要读，要些不读，有些略读。

　　第一段可不读：因为主题已明，而第一题答案很容易找到在第二段。

　　第二段两道题，自然重要。

　　第三段扫描：前面两题在第二段解决，第三题要找1950s，第三段没有，最后轻松定位在第四段――这就是扫描，有时需要巨大的跳跃。所以亦步亦趋的阅读方法可以休矣！

　　第四段涉及到题，自然要读。第四题根据线索，也不难在第四段找到对应。

　　第五段扫描之下，没有第五题所需要的death rate或者具体的数字。

　　第六段末句才有death rate, 括号里是具体数字。

　　下一段，扫描寻找access between major military installations, 只找到了provide access to.

　　第八段可找到第七题的service stations等。

　　后面三道填空题，是在文章靠后的部分，但与前面后面几道题的位置可能有交叉。

　　第八题中包含the greatest, 所以答案在一堆好处中产生。阅读范围稍大。返观文章结构，我们发现，上面第五题所涉及的death rate是在讲好处，但没说是否最大。下一段接着讲好处，最后一句有一个above all清楚地说明那是极致所在。

　　第九题所要的数字在第八段。

　　第十题的Eisenhower在最后一段也很鲜明。

　　综合上所述，九段的文章考十道题，并不是平均分布。其中第一三五段根本没有考题，如果能够不读或尽量少读，可节省大量时间，做到“闲庭信步”。只要抓住了关键，抛弃逐字逐字阅读的方式，其实不难做到。

　　三、句子抓主干

　　抛弃一些段落后，如果要读的段落每句都要读得清清楚楚，也是不现实的也不必要的。在读句子上，速度也要提起来，关键也是在选择。这个选择原则是：以考点为准，抓住主干，尽量少看。

　　1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.

　　找到的是第二段首句：With the increase in aoto production, private turnpike(收费公路) companies under local authorities began to spring up, and by 1921 there were 387, 000 miles of paved roads.

　　此句只是讲到1921年，有多少paved roads. 是否有national standards，要继续看后面。下一句很长：

　　Many were built using specifications of 19th century Scottish engineers Thomas Telford and John MacAdam(for whom the macadam surface is named), whose specificatins stressed the importance of adequate drainage.

　　这一句漫无目的读下去，只有两个结果，一是死在路上，因为后面不但长而且是很怪异的东西。二是终于读出来了，但考试时间已到！横竖是个死。

　　其实最多读到19th century Scottish engineer就完全够了。标准就是“考点”。我们现在要知道的是那时有没有national standards国家标准，用的是十九世纪苏格兰某工程师的东西，这个工程师是谁重要否？它的那个东西有什么特点重要否？无关！是不是国家标准才是重要的。有人敏感一点，已得出没有国家标准。如果不确信，下一句就清楚了：Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight restrictions, or commercial signs. 即使这个直接解题的句子，也不允许读完，读到standards就可以了，至于是关于什么的标准？有意义吗？对解题有意义吗？

第三招 火眼金睛

　　指的是要分清楚Y，N，NG的真正含义，不要在读找到了也读懂了原文的情况之下冤枉失分。

　挑战性主要是来自于原来的正确与错误的两分，变成了三分，也就是原来我们归为错的要进行两分，一种是N，另一种是NG。Y正确与原来是一样的：跟原文意思一致。

　　所谓NG，not given，是说原文中没有给出。这在以前就算是错，现在则不同。看看下面的例子，再总结如何区别。

　　原文：I love you.

　　选项：

　　1.I have some strong feelings for in you.

　　2.I hate you/I am inddiferent.

　　3.You love me/I love you fervently/I love you better than he/I will love you always.

　　以上1是对原文意思的解释，故为Y。

　　2和3在以前都是错的。但按照三分标准，2才是N，而3是NG。

　　标准是：是否有逻辑上的否定关系。

　　原文与选项有逻辑上的否定关系，则为N，也就是原文对，则选项必错，是N

　　原文与选项不同，但无逻辑上的否定关系，为NG，也就是原文对，选项不一定对，但也不一定错，是NG

　　“我爱你”，则必然不是“我恨你”或者“冷漠无情”，故N。

　　但“我爱你”时，“你爱我”与否并不确定；我是否“很热烈的爱你”、是否“爱你甚于他爱你”、是否“将会永远爱你”都是不一定的，故为NG.

　　看真题的第6题。

　　6. The interstate highway system provids access between major military installations in America.

　　原文：By opening the North American continent,highways have enabled consumer goods and services to reach people in remote and rural areas of the country, spurred the growth of suburbs, and provided people with greater options in terms of jobs,access to to cutural programs, health care ,and other benefits.

　　原文讲到提供了access to 文化项目, 选项是access to military installations(军事上的一个东西)。不能因为两个是不同的，就说是N，因为提供了文化的东西，并不意味着就一定没有军事上的东西。

四、特别提示：填空三步曲

　　填空要做到完整不出意外，按以下三步走。

一、定性。空格要求什么性质的东西。是一个词、短语、还是从句等。还要分清性质，是名词性动词性还是形容词性等，填的时候对症下药。

　　二、定位。这一步跟前面是通用的。

　　三、基本照抄。原文照搬即可。问题是抄哪一部分，哪几个词，取决于第一步定性的结果。

　　看真题。

　　8. The greatest benefit brought about by the interstate system was __________.

　　9. Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than ________________.

　　10. The interstate system was renamed after Eisenhower in recognition of ______________.

　　第八题是一个表语，名词性的，可能是词，短语或从句。原文是：

　　Above all,the interstate system provides individuals with what they enerish most:personal freedom of mobility.

　　不能填provide…, 这是个动词短语。后面what..引导的名词从句可以，冒号后名词短语是对这个名词从句内容的具体化，最好：personal freedom of mobility.

　　第九题填deliver的宾语，要填一个含数字的名词短语。

　　The interstate system has been an essential element of the nation's economic growth in terms of shipping and job creation:more than 75 percent of the nation's freight deliveries arrive by truck.and most products that arrive by rail or air use interstates for the last leg of the journey by vehicle.

　　从75开始的名词短语是：75 percent of the nation’s freight deliveries, deliveries与题中的deliver重复，去掉。

　　第十题，介词之后，名词短语。

　　The high way system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vison and leadership.

　　不能从to honor截取，它是动词不定式短语，不能作介词宾语，后面his vision and leadership才是。

　　III.总结

　　快速阅读的核心技术是略读与扫描，也就是用最快的速度抓住文章最重要的内容以及题目所涉及到的内容。

　　它要求我们在阅读时要有选择性：该读的读，不该读的跳。具体来说，在篇章的层次上能够判断一篇文章重要的段落在哪儿，跳过不重要的段落；在句子的层面上能够分清哪部分重要，哪些应该略过。

　　这要求我们牢记阅读的目的，始终以所要的东西作为判断轻重的标准。抛弃逐字逐句的阅读方式，实现跳跃式前进。

　　判断由两分变为三分，需要调整一下思路，主要是不要轻易断言一个选项是N，出现模糊时，拿出“逻辑上否定”的判断标准，自可迎刃而解。

　　世上无难题，只怕思路清。

　　附：快速阅读真题

　　Directions: In this part,you will have 15 minute to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer sheet1

　　For questions 1-7,mark

　　Y(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;

　　N(for NO) if statement cintradicts the information given in the passage;

　　NG(for NOT CIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.

　　for question 8-10 ,complete the sentenced with the information given in the passage.

　　Highway

　　Early in the 20th century, most of the sreets and raods in the U.S. were made of dirt,brick, and cedar wood blocks. Uilt for hosrse, carriage, and foot traffic, they were usually poorly cared for and too narrow to accommodate(容纳) automobiles.

　　With the increase in aoto production, private turnpike(收费公路) companies under local authorities began to spring up, and by 1921 there were 387, 000 miles of paved roads. Many were built using specifications of 19th century Scottish engineers Thomas Telford and John MacAdam(for whom the macadam surface is named), whose specificatins stressed the importance of adequate drainage. Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight restrictions, or commercial signs. During World War I, roads throughout the country were nearly destroyed by the weight of trucks. When General Eisenhower returned form Germany in 1919, after serving in the U.S. Army’s first trascontinental motor convoy(车队), he noted:“the old convoy had started me thinking about good, two-lane highways, but Germany’s Autobahn or motorway had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land.”

　　It would take another war before the federal government would act on a national higway system. During World War II, tremendous increase in trucks and new roads wree required. The war demonstrated how critical highways were to the defense effort. Thirteen per cent of defense plants received all their supplies by truck, and almost all other plants shipped more than half of their products by vehicle. The war also revealed that local control of highways had led to a confusing vareity of design standards. Even federal and state highways did not follow basic standards. Some states allowed trucks up to 36,000 pounds,while others restricted anything over 7,000 pounds. A goverment study recommended a national highway systerm of 33,920 miles,and congress passed the Federcal-Aid Highway Act of 1944,which called for strict,centrally controlled desert criterra.

　　The interstate highway system was finally launched in 1956 and has been hailed as one of the greatest public works projects of the century .To bulid its 44,000-mile web of highways,bridge.and tunnels hundreds of unique engineering designs and solutions had to be worked out.Consider the many geographic ,features of the country:mountains,steep grades,wetlands,rivers,desorts and plains.Variables included the slope of the land,the ability of the pavement to support the load.Innovative, designs of roadways,tunnels,bridges,overpasses,and interchanges that could run through or bypass urban areas soon began to weave their way across the country ,forever altering the face of American .

　　Long-span,segmented-concrete,cable-stayed bridges such as Hale Boggs in Louisiana and the Sunshine Skyway in Florida,and remarkable tunnels like Fort Mchenry in Maryland and Mr.bakerin Washington developed under the nation's physical challenges,Traffic control systems and methods of construction developed uder the interstate program soon influenced highway construction around the world,ang were invaluable in improving the condition of urban streets and traffic patterns.

　　Today, the interstate system links every major city in the U.S,and the U.S with Canada and Mexico,Built with safety in mind the highways have wide lanes and shoulders,dividing medians,or barriers,long entry and exit lanes,ourves engineered for safe turns,and limited access. The death rate on highways is half that of all other U.S roads (0.86 deaths per 100 million passenger miles compared to 1.99 deaths per 100 million on all other roads)

　　By opening the North American continent,highways have enabled consumer goods and services to reach people in remote and rural areas of the country, spurred the growth of suburbs, and provided people with greater options in terms of jobs,access to to cutural programs, health care ,and other benefits.Above all,the interstate system provides individuals with what they enerish most:personal freedom of mobility.

　　The interstate system has been an essential element of the nation's economic growth in terms of shipping and job creation:more than 75 percent of the nation's freight deliveries arrive by truck.and most products that arrive by rail or air use interstates for the last leg of the journey by vehicle.Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes,it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations ,motels,restaurants,and shopping centres.It has allower the rwlocation of manufacturing plants and other industries from urban areas to rural.

　　By the end of the century there was an immense network of paved roads ,residential streets,expressways,and freeways built to support millions of vehicles. The high way system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vison and leadership.The year construction began he said:"Together,the united forces of our communication and transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we bear -United States.Without them ,we would be a mere alliance of many sepaeate parts."

　　1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.

　　2.General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two lane highways of America.

　　3. It was in the 1950s that the American government finally took action to build a national high way system.

　　4. Many of the problems presented by the country’s geographical features found solutions in I novative engieering projects.

　　5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other American roads.

　　6. The interstate highway system provids access between major military installations in America.

　　7. Service stations, motels and restaurants promoted the development of the interstate higway system.

　　8. The greatest benefit brought about by the interstate system was __________.

　　9. Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than ________________.

　　10. The interstate system was renamed after Eisenhower in recognition of ______________.