2013年12月英语六级翻译必备知识之虚拟语气
2013-08-12 阅读 : 次
虚拟语气：与事实相反的
一、 if从句： 即 主句……, if 从句……
1、倒装代替if从句：Had/Were/Should ……，主句……
2、but for = without(如果不是)代替if从句， 两个都是介词
But for /without + 名词 ，主句……
3、with + 名词 ，主句 ……
4、if only + (if 从句) 要是……该多好
二、宾语从句：
1、I suggest(表示命令;建议;请求) that …… shoule +do……
(在虚拟语气中，shoule have done = ought to have done,其他时候should 不等于ought to)
2、I wish that ……(用虚拟语气)
三、主语从句：
1、it is +adj/n that + 虚拟
2、it is +done(表示建议、要求)that + 虚拟
四、目的状语：
Lest或者for fear that + (虚拟语气)should do
五、隐藏虚拟语气：本打算做但结果没有做的
1、had hoped/intended/planned/expected/wanted/meant to do
2、hoped to have done
3、be(was/were) + to have done
4、would/should like to have done
Would have done 表意愿、将来
Should have done 竟然做了、本应该做的
Could have done 有能力做
Might have done 表示猜测
Need have done 本来需要做的却没有做
六、主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气
有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：
1. 从句表示过去，主句表示将来：
⑴、 If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.
⑵、 If we hadn' t made adequate preparations, we shouldn' t dare to do the experiment next week。
2. 从句表示将来，主句表示过去：
⑴、 If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.
3.从句表示将来，主句表示现在：
⑴、 If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.
4.从句表示过去，主句表示现在。
⑴、 If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.
⑵、 If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.
6.从句表示现在，主句表示过去
⑴、 If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。 (从句说明现在，主句说明过去。 )
7.从句表示过去，主句表示过去和现在
⑴、 If you hadn't lent me some money, I couldn't have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.
在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。
(1) You wouldn't know. 你不会知道。
(2) I would like to come. 我愿意来。
(3) I wouldn't have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。
(4) He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness. 他将那事讲的非常仔细，简直就象他亲眼看见一样。
条件从句中省略 if 采用倒装语序的情况
在 if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、 be或 have的虚拟条件句中的连词 if 省去，而将 had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。
1). 原句： If she were younger, she would do it.
去 If： Were she younger, she would do it. (把动词 were移到主语 she的前面 )
2). 原句： If he had tried it, he could have done it.
去 If： Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把 had移到主语 he的前面 )
3).Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.
4).Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.
5).Were I in your place, I wouldn't do that.
6).Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night.
假如我看了那部电影，昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。
7).Were I a bird, I could fly freely.
假如我是一只小鸟，我就能自由翱翔。
8).Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest.
要是下周能下雨的话，农民们就能有个好收成了。
如果虚拟条件句中有 were, had或 should时，把它们放在 if的位置上 ;但是如果条件句中没有 were, had或 should不能用倒装。
⑴ Should it rain tomorrow, what should we do? 要是明天下雨的话，我们怎么办呢 ?
⑵ Were I you, I would have asked him for some advice.要是我是你的话，我就向他请教了。
⑶ Were he to do this work by himself, he would get a lot of money.如果他自己能够做此工作，他就会得到一些钱。
在 "开放式条件句 "和让步状语从句中 should是被省略了的。在这种情况下，如果 if省略，动词 be与主语的位置要倒装。
⑴ If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. (任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。 )
Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.
⑵ Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. (不管她是对还是错，我都会支持她的。 )
Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.
⑶ ____ ,I will take her as my wife.
[A]Were she rich or poor
[B]Being rich or poor
[C]Be she poor or rich
[D]Whether is she poor or rich
注意：有时虚拟条件句并没来 if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语 (otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。
⑴、 We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
⑵、 Without you help, I wouldn't have achieved so much.
⑶、 But for your help, I would not have succeeded.
有时虚拟条件句的从句或主句都可以省略其中一个：
1. I could help you. (只有主句 )
2. If I had time. (只有从句 )
3. She should have come to the meeting. (只有主句 )
4. If he had much more money. (只有从句 )
一、 if从句： 即 主句……, if 从句……
1、倒装代替if从句：Had/Were/Should ……，主句……
2、but for = without(如果不是)代替if从句， 两个都是介词
But for /without + 名词 ，主句……
3、with + 名词 ，主句 ……
4、if only + (if 从句) 要是……该多好
二、宾语从句：
1、I suggest(表示命令;建议;请求) that …… shoule +do……
(在虚拟语气中，shoule have done = ought to have done,其他时候should 不等于ought to)
2、I wish that ……(用虚拟语气)
三、主语从句：
1、it is +adj/n that + 虚拟
2、it is +done(表示建议、要求)that + 虚拟
四、目的状语：
Lest或者for fear that + (虚拟语气)should do
五、隐藏虚拟语气：本打算做但结果没有做的
1、had hoped/intended/planned/expected/wanted/meant to do
2、hoped to have done
3、be(was/were) + to have done
4、would/should like to have done
Would have done 表意愿、将来
Should have done 竟然做了、本应该做的
Could have done 有能力做
Might have done 表示猜测
Need have done 本来需要做的却没有做
六、主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气
有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：
1. 从句表示过去，主句表示将来：
⑴、 If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.
⑵、 If we hadn' t made adequate preparations, we shouldn' t dare to do the experiment next week。
2. 从句表示将来，主句表示过去：
⑴、 If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.
3.从句表示将来，主句表示现在：
⑴、 If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.
4.从句表示过去，主句表示现在。
⑴、 If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.
⑵、 If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.
6.从句表示现在，主句表示过去
⑴、 If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。 (从句说明现在，主句说明过去。 )
7.从句表示过去，主句表示过去和现在
⑴、 If you hadn't lent me some money, I couldn't have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.
在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。
(1) You wouldn't know. 你不会知道。
(2) I would like to come. 我愿意来。
(3) I wouldn't have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。
(4) He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness. 他将那事讲的非常仔细，简直就象他亲眼看见一样。
条件从句中省略 if 采用倒装语序的情况
在 if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、 be或 have的虚拟条件句中的连词 if 省去，而将 had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。
1). 原句： If she were younger, she would do it.
去 If： Were she younger, she would do it. (把动词 were移到主语 she的前面 )
2). 原句： If he had tried it, he could have done it.
去 If： Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把 had移到主语 he的前面 )
3).Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.
4).Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.
5).Were I in your place, I wouldn't do that.
6).Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night.
假如我看了那部电影，昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。
7).Were I a bird, I could fly freely.
假如我是一只小鸟，我就能自由翱翔。
8).Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest.
要是下周能下雨的话，农民们就能有个好收成了。
如果虚拟条件句中有 were, had或 should时，把它们放在 if的位置上 ;但是如果条件句中没有 were, had或 should不能用倒装。
⑴ Should it rain tomorrow, what should we do? 要是明天下雨的话，我们怎么办呢 ?
⑵ Were I you, I would have asked him for some advice.要是我是你的话，我就向他请教了。
⑶ Were he to do this work by himself, he would get a lot of money.如果他自己能够做此工作，他就会得到一些钱。
在 "开放式条件句 "和让步状语从句中 should是被省略了的。在这种情况下，如果 if省略，动词 be与主语的位置要倒装。
⑴ If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. (任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。 )
Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.
⑵ Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. (不管她是对还是错，我都会支持她的。 )
Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.
⑶ ____ ,I will take her as my wife.
[A]Were she rich or poor
[B]Being rich or poor
[C]Be she poor or rich
[D]Whether is she poor or rich
注意：有时虚拟条件句并没来 if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语 (otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。
⑴、 We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
⑵、 Without you help, I wouldn't have achieved so much.
⑶、 But for your help, I would not have succeeded.
有时虚拟条件句的从句或主句都可以省略其中一个：
1. I could help you. (只有主句 )
2. If I had time. (只有从句 )
3. She should have come to the meeting. (只有主句 )
4. If he had much more money. (只有从句 )
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