四六级快速阅读考前支招

　　一、快速阅读的做题方法

　　1.推测（prediction）

　　阅读正文前，就标题（如果有标题的话）来合理推测资料的大概内容，也可在读了二、三段之后预测下段内容。这对快速理解和整体把握文章内容以及推测出生词的词义范围有积极的意义。因为英语单词一词多义现象太普遍了，一个单词在不同的专业领域往往含有不同的意思，甚至有的单词在同一专业领域在其意义的具体把握上也有细微的差别。

　　2.关键词句（keywordand topicsentences）

　　在对文章的整体内容有了基本认识的基础上，我们学会抓主要的词句，找出段落中的主题句，从而正确领会文章的主要内容，并注意到是否对自己有利用价值。

　　3.略读或浏览或跳读（Skimming）

　　Skim有掠过的意思，又有从牛奶等液体上撇去的意思，转意为"快速掠过，从中提取最容易取得的精华".用于阅读，或译为略读，或译为泛读，似乎都未把其细微的意思译出。而这种读法却包含有原词的所有意思——快速读过去，取出读物中关键性的东西。因此，我们可以把这种读法理解为快速浏览课文，领会文章大意。一般而言，通过标题可知道文章的主题。对文章的首段和末段要多加注意，以便发现作者的观点。

　　4.查阅（Scanning）

　　Scaning的意思是扫读或查阅，是快读或速读的一种。Scan就是通常所说的"扫描".其特点是快，但又要全部扫及。Scan这个词的词义似乎矛盾，它既可以理解为"仔细地审视"，也可以理解为"粗略地浏览".这种情况倒成了扫读的绝好证明。从形式上看，扫读是粗粗地一扫而过，一目十行，但从读者的注意方面来看，却又是高度的集中，在快速阅读中仔细挑出重要的信息。因此，查阅可以理解为迅速找出文章中的有关事实细节或某一具体信息；有时要找出某一个单词或词组，如人名、地名、日期、价格等；有时要找出文中所述的某一特殊事件，而这一事件可能是由一个词或短语交代的。若不具备一定的能力，这样的细节恐不易发现。

　　5.速度变换（Reading rate）

　　我们要意识到阅读的速度是不均匀的。也就是说，即使同一个人阅读同一份材料，但由于阅读是一种有相当心理负荷的脑力劳动，因此在开始、中途和结束时的速度不可能一样。读物的体裁和难度不一样，阅读的速度也不同。我们不要过分焦虑自己的阅读速度，以免造成不必要的心理压力。随着速度的提高，理解的程度都有所降低，所以我们应认识到阅读文章时的速度是可以调节的，只有合适的速度才可能获得快速准确的阅读效率。

　　6.阅读习惯（Reading Habit）

　　从主观上要能克服注意力容易分散即所谓"思想开小差"的毛病，高度集中自己的注意力；从客观上克服各种无意中形成或由来以久的坏习惯，如摇头晃脑，抖动双腿，玩弄纸笔，念念有词等。这些"小动作"，也会分散注意力、影响思考，降低阅读速度。

　　二、快速阅读难点突破：词汇难点

　　1.　利用上下文猜生词

　　充分利用上下文给出的线索，有些生词的意思是可以猜出来的。下面介绍一些基本方法：

　　（1）利用定义的线索

　　在生词出现的上文或下文，有时能找到对它所下的定义或解释，由此可判断其定义。

　　Finally, there is the ghost that enjoys haunting and works mischief on any person. Of the ghosts who wreak malicious mischief, the outstanding example is the poltergeist. This is the prankish spirit known to all countries and every age for what seems to be its defiance of the laws of nature.

　　Poltergeist的定义非常明显，就是the ghosts who wreak malicious mischief.

　　（2）利用同义的线索（常会有and等表示转折的词）

　　一个生词出现的上下文中有时会出现与之同义或近义的词，它往往揭示或解释了生词的词义。In earlier times the peregrine was the nobleman's hawk.

　　Peregrine很好找到答案，就是一种hawk.肯定我们不知道什么是Peregrine，但我们知道hawk就足够了，不影响理解。

　　（3）利用反义的线索（常会有but，although等表示转折的词）

　　在某一生词的前面或后面有时会出现它的反义词或常用来对比的词语，由它可以推测生词词义。Although the process of training a wild bird of prey is complicated, the task took only two months.

　　Outwardly Bunche remained calm, but inwardly he felt dismayed.

　　（4）利用常识猜测词义

　　有时一句话中尽管有生词，但我们可以利用已有的知识去判断生词的意思。

　　Aircraft using the base faced the danger of bird strikes - birds' collisions with aircraft.

　　（5）利用等式或符号猜测生词

　　一段话后面有时会给出一些等式或符号，如前面的话中有生词，由后面的等式或符号可疑猜出生词的词义。Aircraft using the base faced the danger of bird strikes - birds' collisions with aircraft.

　　bird strikes = birds' collisions

　　总之，利用多种方法猜测生词词义，有助于提高阅读速度和学习兴趣，是英语学习者应当掌握的好方法。

　　2.　通过构词法猜词

　　（1）利用复合词各部分的结构及意义猜词：

　　Almost every known means, from scarecrows to fireworks, was used to drive off the bustards.

　　Scarecrows=scare + crow （吓唬+乌鸦=稻草人）

　　（2）利用词根词缀猜词：

　　词根：英语单词常见词根总结

　　ag,act 做，驱动 agent代理人 active活动的，积极的
　　agr 农田 agriculture农业 agrarian田地的
　　am 爱，亲爱 amicable友善的 amiable和蔼可亲的
　　anim 心灵，精神，生命 animal动物 animate有生命的
　　ann，enn 年 annual一年的 centennial一世纪的
　　astro 星 astronomy天文学 astronaut宇宙航行员
　　audi 听 audience听众 audible听得见的
　　bell 战争 rebellion反叛，反抗 bellicose好战的
　　bio 生命，生物 biology生物学 antibiotic抗生的,抗生素
　　brev 短 brevity 简短 abbreviate缩短，节略
　　cede 走 precedent先行的，在前的 precede先行
　　cent 百 centimeter厘米 centigrade百分度的
　　center,centr 中心 concentrate集中 centrifugal离心力的
　　cide,cis 杀，切 suicide自杀 bactericide杀菌剂
　　claim,clam 叫喊 exclaim惊叫 proclaim宣布，宣告
　　clar 清楚，明白 declare表明，声明 clarify讲清楚
　　clud，clos 关闭 close关闭 exclude排斥
　　cogn 知道 recognize承认 cognitive认识的
　　cord 心 cordial衷心的 core核心
　　cosm 宇宙，世界 osmic宇宙的 cosmos宇宙
　　cred 相信 credibility可信 credit信任
　　cur,cours 跑 ccurrence出现，发生 current流通的
　　cycl 圆，环 bicycle自行车 cyclone旋风
　　di 日 diary日记 diarist记日记者
　　dict 说 predict预言 indicate表示
　　duc,duct 引导 conduct指导 induce引诱
　　ed 吃 edible可吃的 edacity贪吃
　　fact 做，制 factory工厂 manufacture制造，加工
　　fer 带,拿 transfer转移 ferry渡船
　　flu 流 fluent流利的 influenza流行性感冒
　　form 形式，外形 transform改变 formula公式
　　fract,frag破，折 fraction碎片 fragile易碎的
　　fus 倾，注，溶化 fusion熔解 effuse泻出
　　gen 起源 generate使产生 genetic遗传的
　　geo 地球，土地 geography地理 geology地质学
　　grad 步，走，级 gradual逐步的 graduate毕业
　　gram 写，记录 diagram图表 program节目单，方案
　　graph 写,画，记录 photograph照像 autograph亲笔，手稿
　　gress 行走 progress进步 retrogress后退
　　hap 机会，运气，偶发 happen发生 mishap灾祸
　　hospit 客人 hospital医院 hospitable好客的，殷勤的
　　insul 岛 peninsula半岛 insulation隔绝，孤立
　　hydra 水 hydraulic水利的 hydrant消防栓
　　ject 投，掷，抛 eject射出 project投射
　　junct 连接，结合 conjunction连接词 adjunct附属物
　　lect,leg,lig 挑选，采集 lect 选举 selection选举 eligible合格的，合适的
　　lev 举，升 elevator电梯 lever杠杆
　　liber 自由 liberate解放 liberalist自由主义的
　　lingu 语言 linguist语言学家 bilingual两种语言的
　　liter 文字，字母 literate识字的 literature文学
　　loc 地方 local当地的 locate使座落于
　　log 词，语言，讲演 dialogue对话 logic逻辑
　　loqu 说话 eloquent雄辩的 colloquial的，会话的
　　manu 手 manuscript手稿 manual手的，用手的
　　medi 中间 medium中等的 mediation居中调解
　　memor 记忆，记住的 memory记忆 memorial纪念日，纪念物
　　milit 兵 military军事的 militant战斗性的
　　min 少，小 inority少数 diminish减少，减小
　　mob,mot,mov 移动 mobile活动的 motion运动 immovable不可移动的
　　mort 死亡 mortal终有一死的 mortician承办殡葬的人
　　nov 新 novel小说 novelty新奇
　　numer 数 numeral数字的 numerous为数众多的
　　oper 工作 operate操作 cooperate合作
　　opt 视线，光线 optic视力的 optics光学
　　path 感情，苦楚，疾病 sympathy同情 pathetic可怜的
　　pel 推，逐，驱 expel驱逐 repel击退，反击，抵抗
　　pend,pen 悬挂 depend依靠 pendent悬空的
　　phon 声音 microphone扩音器 telephone电话
　　plen 满，全 plenty充足，大量 plentitude丰富，充足
　　pon,pos 放置 postpone推迟 position位置
　　popul 人民 population人口 popular人民的，大众的
　　port 搬运，带 portable可携带的 porter搬运工人
　　prim 第一，首要 primary最初的 primitive原始的
　　psych 精神 psychology心理学 psychic精神的
　　pur 清，纯，净 purify使纯净 depurate使净化
　　rect 正，直 erect直立的 correct改正
　　rid,ris 笑 ridicule嘲笑 derision笑柄，嘲笑
　　rupt 破 rupture破裂，裂开 interrupt中断
　　scend,scens,scent 爬 ascend上，升 descent下降
　　sci 知道 science科学 conscious有知觉的
　　sens,sent 感觉 sensation感觉 sentiment感情
　　sol 太阳 solar太阳的 parasol阳伞
　　spec 看 spectacle光景，景象 prospect展望
　　spir 呼吸，生命 conspire共谋 inspire吸气，鼓舞
　　tact,tang,tag 接触 intact未接触的 tangible可接触的
　　tail 切，割 tailor裁缝 retail零售
　　tain,ten,tin 保持，握，容纳 contain容纳 obtain取得,sustain支持
　　tect 掩，盖 detect侦察 发觉,detective侦探的
　　tele 远 telescope望远镜 telegram电报
　　tend,tens,tent 伸 extend伸开，扩展 extensive广阔的
　　text 编织 textile纺织的 texture组织，结构
　　therm 热 thermal热的 thermometer温度计
　　tor,tort 扭，扭转 orsion扭转 distortion歪曲
　　tract 拖，拉，吸引 attract吸引 attractive有吸引力的
　　un,uni 一 unite统一，联合 union联合，工会
　　ut 用 utility有用 utilize利用
　　vac,van 空，空虚 vacation假期 vanity空虚，虚荣
　　vari 变化 various各样的 variant变异的，不同的
　　ven 来 intervene干预，介入 prevent防止
　　vert,vers 转 adverse相反的 convert转换
　　vid,vis 看见 evident明显的 visible可见的
　　vit,viv 生活，生存 vital生命的 survival幸存
　　volv 滚动 revolve旋转 involve卷入
　　wis,wit 知道 wisdom智慧 witty机敏的

　　表示否定的词缀：

　　三、考试题型分析

　　Yes
　　1、同义表达：
　　2、原意转化；
　　3、根据原文概括或归纳而成的。

　　No
　　1、题目与原文直接相反；
　　2、原文是多个条件并列，题目是其中一个条件；
　　3、主观感觉与理论实际；
　　4、原文和题目中使用了表示不同范围、频率、程度的词；

　　例如：partially-mostly,
　　Sometimes-often
　　Some-a lot of
　　Occasionally-surely

　　Not Given
　　1、题目中的某些内容在原文中没有提及；
　　2、题目中的范围小于原文的范围，也就是更具体；
　　3、原文是可能性，题目是必然性；

　　四、实例分析

Mind Games

Seven ways to make your brain better, faster, smarter

　　1. Move It

　　Quick-what's the No. 1 thing you can do for your brain's health? Differential calculus, you say? Chess? Chaos theory? Nope, the best brain sharpener may be … sneakers? Yup. Once they're on your feet, you can pump up your heart rate. "The best advice I can give to keep your brain healthy and young is aerobic exercise," says Donald Stuss, PhD, a neuropsychologist and director of the Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care in Toronto. [1]

　　Mark McDaniel, PhD, professor of psychology at Washington University in St. Louis, agrees, but adds, "I would suggest a combined program of aerobics and weight training. Studies show the best outcomes for those engaged in both types of exercise."

　　As we age, our brain cells, called neurons, lose the tree-branch-like connections between them. These connections, or synapses（触突）, are essential to thought. Quite literally, over time, our brains lose their heft（重量）. Perhaps the most striking brain research today is the strong evidence we now have that "exercise may forestall（组织） some kinds of mental decline," notes McDaniel. It may even restore memory. Myriad animal studies have shown that, among other brain benefits, aerobic exercise increases capillary（毛细血管） development in the brain, meaning more blood supply, more nutrients and-a big requirement for brain health-more oxygen.

　　The preeminent exercise and brain health researcher in humans is Arthur Kramer at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. In a dozen studies over the past few years, with titles such as "Aerobic Fitness Reduces Brain Tissue Loss in Aging Humans," Kramer and his colleagues have proved two critical findings: Fit people have sharper brains, and people who are out of shape, but then get into shape, sharpen up their brains. This second finding is vital. There's no question that working out makes you smarter, and it does so, Kramer notes, at all stages of life. Just as important, exercise staves off（驱散） heart disease, obesity, diabetes and other maladies that increase the risk of brain problems as we age.

　　2. Feed It

　　Another path to a better brain is through your stomach. We've all heard about antioxidants（抗氧化剂） as cancer fighters. Eating foods that contain these molecules（分子）, which neutralize（压制） harmful free radicals, may be especially good for your brain too. Free radicals have nothing to do with Berkeley politics and everything to do with breaking down the neurons（神经元） in our brains. Many colorful fruits and vegetables are packed with antioxidants, as are some beans, whole grains, nuts and spices.

　　More important, though, is overall nutrition. In concert with a good workout routine, you should eat right to avoid the diseases that modern flesh is heir to. High blood pressure, diabetes, obesity and high cholesterol all make life tough on your brain, says Carol Greenwood, PhD, a geriatric（衰老） research scientist at the University of Toronto.

　　If your diet is heavy, then you're probably also heavy. The same weight that burdens your legs on the stairs also burdens your brain for the witty reply or quick problem solving. The best things you can eat for your body, Greenwood notes, are also the best things you can eat for your brain. Your brain is in your body, after all. Greenwood's recommendation is to follow the dietary guidelines from the American Diabetes Association. [2]

　　3. Speed It Up

　　Sorry to say, our brains naturally start slowing down at the cruelly young age of 30 （yes, 30）. It used to be thought that this couldn't be helped, but a barrage of new studies show that people of any age can train their brains to be faster and, in effect, younger. "Your brain is a learning machine," says Michael Merzenich, PhD, a neuroscientist at the University of California, San Francisco. Given the right tools, we can train our brains to act like they did when we were younger. All that's required is dedicated practice: exercises for the mind. [3]

　　Merzenich has developed a computer-based training regimen（养生法） to speed up how the brain processes information. Since much of the data we receive comes through speech, the Brain Fitness Program works with language and hearing to improve both speed and accuracy. Over the course of your training, the program starts asking you to distinguish sounds （between "dog" and "bog," for instance） at an increasingly faster rate. It's a bit like a tennis instructor, says Merzenich, shooting balls at you faster and faster over the course of the summer to keep you challenged. Though you may have started out slow, by Labor Day you're pretty nimble.

　　Similarly, Nintendo was inspired by the research of a Japanese doctor to develop a handheld game called Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day, which has sold more than two million copies in Japan. [10] No software out there has yet been approved by the FDA as a treatment for cognitive impairment, but an increasing number of reputable scientific studies suggest that programs like Merzenich's could help slow down typical brain aging, or even treat dementia（痴呆）. The biggest finding in brain research in the last ten years is that the brain at any age is highly adaptable, or "plastic," as neurologists put it. If you ask your brain to learn, it will learn. And it may speed up in the process.

　　To keep your brain young and supple, you can purchase software like Merzenich's, or you can do one of a million new activities that challenge and excite you: playing Ping-Pong or contract bridge（桥牌）, doing jigsaw puzzles, learning a new language or the tango, taking accordion lessons, building a kit airplane, mastering bonsai（盆景） technique, discovering the subtleties of beer-brewing and, sure, relearning differential calculus.

　　"Anything that closely engages your focus and is strongly rewarding," says Merzenich, will kick your brain into learning mode and necessarily notch it up. For his part, Merzenich, 64, has "4,000 hobbies," including a wood shop and a vineyard.

　　4. Stay Calm

　　So you may be saying to yourself, I have to sign up right now for Swahili（斯瓦希里语） and calculus and accordion lessons before my brain withers away! Stop! Breathe. Relax. Good.

　　While challenging your brain is very important, remaining calm is equally so. [4] In a paper on the brain and stress, Jeansok Kim of the University of Washington asserts, in no uncertain terms, that traumatic （创伤）stress is bad for your brain cells. Stress can "disturb cognitive processes such as learning and memory, and consequently limit the quality of human life," writes Kim.

　　One example is a part of the brain called the hippocampus（海马体）, which is a primary locus of memory formation, but which can be seriously debilitated by chronic stress. Of course, physical exercise is always a great destressor, [9] as are calmer activities like yoga and meditation. And when you line up your mental calisthenics（运动） （your Swahili and swing lessons）, make sure you can stay loose and have fun.

　　5. Give It a Rest

　　Perhaps the most extreme example of the mental power of staying calm is the creative benefit of sleep. [5] Next time you're working on a complex problem, whether it be a calculus proof or choosing the right car for your family, it really pays to "sleep on it." [8] Researchers at Harvard Medical School have looked at the conditions under which people come up with creative solutions. In a study involving math problems, they found that a good night's rest doubled participants' chances of finding a creative solution to the problems the next day. The sleeping brain, they theorize, is vastly capable of synthesizing（综合，合成） complex information.

　　6. Laugh a Little

　　Humor stimulates the parts of our brain that use the "feel good" chemical messenger dopamine（多巴胺）. That puts laughter in the category of activities you want to do over and over again, such as eating chocolate or having sex.

　　Laughter is pleasurable, perhaps even "addictive," to the brain.

　　But can humor make us smarter? The jury is still out and more studies are needed, but the initial results are encouraging. [6] Look for a feature on exciting new research about humor and intelligence in the September issue of Reader's Digest.

　　7. Get Better with Age

　　In our youth-obsessed culture, no one's suggesting a revision to the Constitution allowing 20-year-olds to run for President. The age requirement remains at 35. You've heard about the wisdom and judgment of older people? Scientists are starting to understand how wisdom works on a neurological level.

　　When you are older, explains Merzenich, "you have recorded in your brain millions and millions of little social scenarios and facts" that you can call upon at any time. Furthermore, he notes, "you are a much better synthesizer and integrator of that information."

　　Older people are better at solving problems, because identified a lack of relationships with friends and family as a risk factor for cognitive decline. The study, which followed people over age 65 for four years, found that the probability of maintaining good cognitive function was highest among people who socialized often and had strong social ties; the probability of losing cognitive function was highest among people who had the least contact.

　　As Barry Gordon, a neurologist at The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and author of Intelligent Memory: Improve the Memory That Makes You Smarter, puts it, "It's nice to know some things get better with age."

　　Questions:

　　1. The No. 1 thing you can do for your brain's health is aerobic exercise. [T]
　　2. The dietary guidelines from the American Diabetes Association will help you to keep fit. [N]
　　3. Our brains naturally start slowing down at the cruelly young age of 30, and that cannot be helped. [F]
　　4. Remaining calm is as important as challenging your brain.[T]
　　5. Sleeping is probably the best way of staying calm. [T]
　　6. Humor can make us smarter. [F]
　　7. Wisdom and judgment are accumulated with age. [T]
　　8. Next time you're working on a complex problem, whether it be a calculus proof or choosing the right car for your family, it is really 　　　worth　　　 "sleeping on it".
　　9. Of course, physical exercise is always great to 　　　reduce　　　stress.
　　10. 　　　Nintendo　　　 developed a handheld game called Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day, which has sold more than two million copies in Japan.