2006年春季英语六级讲义―重点语法复习

　　
　　一、完形填空特点
　　1．测试考生对篇章的理解能力
　　2．测试考生对语法结构的理解和综合运用能力
　　二、完形填空的重点和难点
　　1．词汇辨义题；
　　2．习惯用法及固定搭配题；
　　3．语法结构题；
　　4．逻辑推理题。
　　三、完形填空答题步骤
　　1．快速浏览全文；
　　2．仔细阅读每一句话，培养语感；
　　3．复查。
　　四、重点语法复习
　　1．动词时态一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，过去将来时，过去将来进行时，过去将来完成时，过去将来完成进行时。
　　2．虚拟语气
　　1）基本形式：与现在实际情况相虚拟，与过去实际情况虚拟，与将来实际情况虚拟，与将来实际情况可能相反。
　　2）特殊句型
　　（1）Had the doctor been available, the child would have been saved．
　　（2）if only, suppose If only I could afford such a big house．
　　Suppose you were a millionaire, how would you spend the money?
　　（3）It is（about, high）time sb．did sth．
　　（4）without, but for, but that, or, otherwise
　　Without air and water, no human being could survive on the earth．
　　But for your timely help, we couldn‘t have finished the job on time．
　　She was seriously ill last night, otherwise she would have attended the party．
　　（5）错综时间条件句
　　If I were you, I wouldn‘t have left school so early．
　　Had you listened to your parents ten years ago, you would be a successful scientist now．
　　（6）需要用虚拟的动词
　　suggest, propose, insist, prefer, order, command, advise, desire, recommend, require, intend, decide, request, deserve, demand, determine, arrange, beg, ask, pray, urge, move, instruct, stipulate, maintain
　　（7）需要用虚拟的名词
　　idea, importance, insistence, motion, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, suggestion, necessity, desire, motion, requirement, resolution, demand, stipulation, advice, preference, wish
　　（8）需要用虚拟的形容词
　　advisable, anxious, appropriate, better, desirable, eager, essential, imperative, important, insistent, keen, natural, necessary, possible, preferable, proper, urgent, vital, absurd, best, content, unfair, odd, pleasant, right, strange, crucial, surprising
　　（9）wish
　　She wishes that she were a teacher．
　　I wish I could take a walk on the moon．
　　（10）would（had） rather, would sooner, would just as soon
　　I‘d rather you stayed with us tonight．
　　I would just as soon they had done the job ahead of time．
　　（11）as if, as though
　　She talks as if she were a doctor．（It seems as if it‘s going to rain．）
　　（12）in case, lest, for fear that
　　She took an umbrella in case it should rain．
　　Remember to leave earlier lest you should miss the train．
　　（13）if only
　　If only I could speak fluent English．
　　3． 非谓语动词
　　1）以不定式做宾语的动词
　　aim, arrange, ask, afford, agree, apply, attempt, beg, bother, choose, claim, consent, care, decide, decline, demand, dare, desire, determine, elect, endeavor, expect, fail, forget, guarantee, happen, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, presume, pretend, proceed, profess, promise, refuse, request, resolve, seek, strive, swear, tend, threaten, undertake, volunteer, wish
　　2）以动名词做宾语的动词
　　miss, mind, enjoy, avoid, admit, finish, escape, practice, acknowledge, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, consider, complete, contemplate, delay, deny, endure, evade, facilitate, favor, forbid, forgive, imagine, involve, permit, quit, resent, resume, suggest, advocate, detest, excuse, fancy, mention, resist, stand, understand, celebrate, dispute, doubt, dread, ensure, hinder, prohibit, recommend, can‘t help, feel like
　　3）不定式和动名词都可，但意义不同
　　mean, try, stop, regret, forget, remember, go on, love, like, hate, prefer, dislike
　　4．倒装
　　1）虚拟条件句，省略if，同时将had, were, should提到主语之前
　　Were it not for your help, we couldn‘t have arrived there．
　　2）so/such．．．that
　　So little did he know about the subject that he had to stay up preparing for the exam．
　　3）as, though, no matter how （what）, however
　　Young as he is, he has accomplished a lot．
　　However cold it is, he will go swimming in the lake．
　　4）so, neither, nor
　　He didn‘t go to the concert, neither did his family．
　　5） no, hardly, never, scarcely, seldom, barely, rarely, no longer, not until, no sooner．．．than, hardly．．．when, not only．．．but also, not, little, at no time, by no means, on no account, in no case, in no way, under/in no circumstances在句首
　　6）only+adverb, prepositional phrase, adverbial clause
　　Only in this way can we hope to solve the problem of environmental pollution．
　　7）here/there/now/then/hence
　　Here comes the bus．
　　5．一致性
　　1）时态一致
　　2）主谓一致
　　（1）时间，重量，长度，价值，面积，体积可以是单数
　　（2）and表示一个整体，用单数
　　bread and butter, cup and saucer, knife and fork, ebb and flow, needle and thread, trial and error, law and order
　　（3）people, police, cattle, poultry, militia, youth通常为复数；public, family, committee, audience, choir, class, club, company, council, crew, firm, gang,  school, staff, union, board, flock, government, jury可单可复
　　（4）any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, every, everybody, everyone,  everything, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, somebody, someone, something
　　（5）with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, accompanied by, in addition to, rather than, besides, as much as
　　（6）either．．．or, neither．．．nor, not only．．．but also, not．．．but
　　（7）a number of, the number of
　　6． 形容词和副词
　　1）形容词的词序：限定词（冠词，代词，所有格形式） +数词或last, next等+一般描述性形容词+大小，长短，高低+形状+年龄，新旧+颜色+国籍，地区，出处+物质材料+用途，类别+名词中心词
　　a bright red silk dress, a beautiful large green Chinese carpet
　　2）比较级和最高级
　　7．逻辑关系表达方式
　　（1）以when, whenever, as, since, till, until, before, after, as soon as, once, the moment, the instant, immediately, the day, no sooner．．．than, hardly/scarcely．．．when, instantly, every time, the minute, the second等引导的时间状语从句
　　Susan worked in the library until she transferred（调转，调任）to the Advanced Training Center of State Power Corporation．
　　I‘ll ring you up as soon as I get an answer from Charlie．
　　Once she has made up her mind, Ross will never change．
　　Arthur and Molly were lovers when they were at college．
　　注意when, while和as 引导时间状语从句时用法上的区别。
　　When既可表示一时性的动作又可表示持续的动作；while不能表示一时性或短暂的动作，只能表示持续性的动作或状态；as则表示两个动作同时进行或一个动作和一个状态同时进行。如
　　As Professor Li entered, the hall burst into thunderous applause（雷鸣般的掌声） ．
　　Till和until用法上的异同。
　　Till可用作及物动词，如Farmers till the land．（农夫种田）；until则不能用作动词；until 比till强调，故用于句首时通常用until而不用till，在口语中常用till而不用until; Not until的强倒装调句式不能用till替换，但注意not until开头的强调结构用于It is （was）…that 这一强调句中时，从句和主句的主谓均不倒装。如It was not until Grace fell asleep that I left the room．
　　（2）由从属连词where, wherever, everywhere引导的地点状语从句表示的从属结构
　　Wherever you go, I will be with you．
　　（3）由if, unless, providing/provided （that）, as long as, so long as, on condition that, suppose, supposing that, in case, if only引导的条件状语从句。
　　（4）由从属连词because, as, since, now that（因为） , seeing （that）, considering （that）（考虑到，鉴于）, in view of, in that（因为）引导的原因状语从句。如
　　Now that you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight．
　　Theory is valuable in that it can provide direction for practice．
　　Seeing that（鉴于） Jeff is young and inexperienced, he is not fit for the work．
　　注意in that作为连词，它所引导的原因状语从句不能置于句首。
　　Because, since和as都表示原因，because最强烈，as最弱，since居中；because可放在主句之前或后面；since和as引导的原因状语从句按正式英语要求，则应放在句首而不能置于主句后面。
　　（5）由though, although, even if, even though, as, while, whatever, wherever, whoever, however, no matter．．．, granting/granted （that）（姑且认为） , in spite of, despite引导的让步状语从句。
　　（6）由as．．．as, the same as, not so as, than引导的对比状语从句。
　　（7）由as, as if, as though, the way引导的方式状语从句。
　　（8）由that, so that, lest, in case, for fear that, in order that引导的目的状语从句
　　Man does not live that he may eat, but eats that he may live．
　　人活着不是为了吃饭，吃饭则是为了活着。
　　Holly carried an umbrella in order that she might stay dry in the rain．
　　（9）由so that, so．．．that, such．．．that, to such a degree/an extent that引导的结果状语从句
　　It was very cold, so that the river frosted（结霜） ．
　　天气非常寒冷，河水都结冰了。