英语四六级完形填空题型分析及例题讲解

　　题型分析
　　完形填空也可称为综合填空、完形测试或完形程序(Cloze Procedure，简称Cloze)，其测试理论来源于格式塔心理学(Gestalt psychology)，也称为完形心理学：格式塔心理学在心理学历史上最大的特点是强调研究心理对象的整体性，它强调整体性思想的核心是有机体或统一的整体构成的全体要大于各部分单纯相加之和。将这种理论应用到英语测试中来，于是有了完形填空这一题型。这类题型首创于1953年，是能比较有效地测试学生实际英语运用能力的一种练习和测试题型。正如Taylor(1953)所定义的，“完形填空(Cloze)是完形心理学在实际生活中的具体应用，即完成一个熟悉而又不完整的形式――通常用空格表示出来。”英语测试中的完形填空是从文章中系统地删掉一些单词或词组并由学生经过选择后再重新填入空白处的一种练习过程。这种测试方法充分利用了人们遇到一个整体中不完整的局部时，都自然而然地想用各种方法加以补充，使得原来不完整的部分和整体较为一致。
　　近几年来，国内外英语专家对完形填空的研究表明，完形填空测试题型涉及词汇量大，灵活度高，综合性强，要求学生具有一定综合运用语言的能力才能较好地完成这种题型。所谓综合运用语言的能力包括：词汇量及分析词义和搭配词语的能力、驾驭语法结构的能力、语篇理解能力、根据上下文进行分析判断和逻辑推理的能力、甚至社会背景和普通常识的运用能力等。因此，完形填空被公认为是一种测试学生综合运用英语能力的有效题型。
　　归纳起来，完形填空考查知识点的主要内容分为两大部分：
　　1.词汇辨析和语法结构
　　完形填空题中的空缺部分既可能是实词，也可能是虚词。这也是该题型与词汇题极为相似而又互相区别的地方。如果是实词，绝大多数情况考查的是考生对于词汇的记忆和辨析能力，以及对固定搭配的掌握;如果是虚词，则更可能考查考生的语法结构运用能力。
　　2.语篇理解能力
　　即使每一个选项的意思都了然于胸也有可能选择了错误答案，因为完形填空还要求考生根据上下文所给出的信息和提示进行分析判断、排除其他选项而最终选择正确答案。如果考生对于整个语篇理解有障碍，就难以选出正确答案。而语篇理解能力正是完形填空和一般词汇、语法题型的本质区别。请看2007年6月的大学英语四级考试试题：
　　An earthquake hit Kashmir on Oct. 8，2005. It took some 75, 000 lives, 67 130,000 and left nearly 3.5 million without food, jobs or homes. 68 overnight, scores of tent villages bloomed 69 the region, tended by international aid organizations, military 70 and aid groups working day and night to shelter the survivors before winter 71.
　　Mercifully, the season was mild. But with the 72 of spring, the refugees will be moved again. Camps that 73 health care, food and shelter for 150,000 survivors have begun to close as they were 74 intended to be permanent.
　　For most of the refugees, the thought of going back brings 75emotions. The past six months have been difficult. Families of 76 many as 10 people have had to shelter 77 a single tent and share cookstoves and bathing 78 with neighbors. “They are looking forward to the clean water of their rivers,” officials say. “They are 79 of free fresh fruit. They want to get back to their herds and start 80 again.” But most of them will be returning to 81 but heaps of ruins. In many villages, electric 82have not been repaired, nor have roads. Aid workers 83 that it will take years to rebuild what the earthquake took 84. And for the thousands of survivors, the 85, will never be complete. Yet the survivors have to start somewhere. New homes can be built 86 the stones, bricks and beams of old ones. Spring is coming and it is a good time to start again.
　　67.A.injured B.ruined C.destroyed D.damaged
　　68.A.Altogether B.Almost C.Scarcely D.Surely
　　69.A.among B.above C.amid D.across
　　70.A.ranks B.personnel C.equipment D.installations
　　71.A.out B.in C.on D.forth
　　72.A.falling B.emergence C.arrival D.appearing
　　73.A.strengthened B.aided C.transferred D.provided
　　74.A.never B.once C.ever D.yet
　　75.A.puzzled B.contrasted C.doubled D.mixed
　　76.A.like B.as C.so D.too
　　77.A.by B.below C.under D.with
　　78.A.facilities B.instruments C.implements D.appliances
　　79.A.seeking B.dreaming C.longing D.searching
　　80.A.producing B.cultivating C.farming D.nourishing
　　81.A.anything B.something C.everything D.nothing
　　82.A.lines B.channels C.paths D.currents
　　83.A.account B.measure C.estimate D.evaluate
　　84.A.aside B.away C.up D.out
　　85.A.reservation B.retreat C.replacement D.recovery
　　86.A.from B.through C.upon D.onto
　　这篇完形填空涉及词汇题(包括固定搭配在内)多达15题，另外考查介词用法三处(69，77，86)，篇章连接2处(68，74)。
　　六级
　　六级大纲核心词汇，出现次数>20次
　　accord ac-cord n.一致，符合;谅解，协议 v.相符合，相一致
　　[例句] If you want to set up a company, you must accord with the regulations laid down by the authorities. (1999年 6月词汇32)
　　[译文] 如果你想创建公司，就必须遵守主管部门制定的规则。
　　[用法] in accord (with sth. /sb.) / in accordance with sth. 与…一致;
　　according to按照，依…而定
　　comprehension com-pre-hen-sion n.理解，理解力，领悟
　　[例句] What is worse, the misprints spread everywhere in the dictionary and seriously affect my comprehension.
　　[译文] 更糟的是，字典中到处是印刷错误，这严重地影响了我的阅读。
　　statement state-ment n.陈述，声明;结算单，报表
　　[例句] One should create a solid statement in a dozen or so sentences that describe in detail how they see their life related to work. (2007年6月快速阅读)
　　[译文] 一个人应该用十几个左右的句子做出坚定的说法，详细描述他们怎样看待与工作相关联的生活。
　　vary va-ry vt.改变;使多样化vi.变化;有差异
　　[例句] Not only do approaches to teaching science and math vary among individual U.S. communities, the report finds, but there appears to be little strategic focus within a school district’s curricula, its textbooks, or its teachers’ activities. (2005年1月阅读3)
　　[译文] 报告发现，在各个美国社区不仅教授科学和数学的方式各不相同，并且在学校区域内的课程，教材或者教师活动好像也缺乏一点策略性的焦点。
　　[辨析] vary，range
　　这是一组意思相近的动词。 vary v. 表示改变，变动，变化(尤指伴随某种因素而产生)，vary from sth. to sth.;e.g. His mood varies from optimism to extreme depression.他的情绪由乐观转变为非常消沉。range v. 表示在…与…之间变化，从…延伸到…，range from sth. to sth.;e.g. Their ages range from 25 to 50.他们的年龄在25和50之间。
　　concern con-cern n.关切的事，有关的事;关心;关联 vt.涉及，关于;使关心，使担心
　　[例句] One thing I’m concerned about is our practice of putting offenders in jail who haven’t harmed anyone. (2008年6月复合式听写)
　　[译文] 我所关注的一件事就是把没有伤害任何人的被告置于牢狱中的这种做法。
　　[用法] as/so far as... be concerned 关于，至于，就…而言;be concerned about 关心;be concerned over/at sth. 为某事忧虑;be concerned with/in 牵涉到， 与…有关， 参与;everyday concerns 日常事务;feel concern about 忧虑， 挂念;have no concern for 毫不关心;have no concern with 和…毫无关系; It is no concern of mine/ yours. 这不关我/你的事。
　　compose com-pose vt.组成，构成;为…谱曲;使平静，使镇静
　　[例句] These organs would be entirely composed of human cells, grown by introducing them into animal hosts, and allowing them to develop into an organ in place of the animal’s own. (2008年6月快速阅读)
　　[译文] 这些器官将完全由人类细胞构成，通过植入动物身体使其成长，并且使它们发展成代替动物本身器官的器官。
　　[用法] be composed of... 某物由…构成