2013英语四六级考试必备核心语法(4)

　　翻译练习：

　　1)我记得他哥哥上小学时经常在课堂上提问题。

　　I remember his brother was constantly asking questions in class when he was at primary school.

　　2)我母亲做饭的时候，我父亲在抽烟。

　　While my mother was cooking, my father was smoking.

　　3)我正在写东西，小明把灯关了。

　　When I was writing, Xiao Ming turned off the light.

　　4)夕阳西下，天渐渐黑下来了。

　　The sun was setting. It was getting dark.5)你走进他们的房间时，他们正在听广播吗?

　　Were they listening to the broadcast when you entered their room?

　　6)她给你打电话的时候，你在干什么?

　　What were you doing when she called you on the phone?

　　过去完成时

　　(1)构成：一律用had + 过去分词构成。

　　(2)用法：

　　1)表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情，即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时，必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照，说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。例如：

　　She told me she had been there three times before. 她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。(“去过”发生在“告诉”之前)

　　How long had he taught here by the end of last term? 到上学期末为止，他在这里教学多长时间啦? (“教学”发生在上学期末结束之前)

　　When we arrived, the football match had already begun. 我们到的时候，足球赛已经开始了。

　　She had visited China twice before she came this year. 她今年来中国之前已访问过中国两次了。

　　2)过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态，这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如：

　　By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years. 到上月中旬，我已在北京住了五年了。

　　By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours. 到六点为止，他们已工作八小时了。

　　When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time. 我到上海时，他在那里很长时间了。

　　3)过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气，我们以后会详细讲述。

　　4)此外，过去完成时常用于 no sooner…than… 和 hardly(scarcely) …when… 这两个句型，前面部分用过去完成时，后面部分用一般过去时。例如：

　　No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. = He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. 他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。

　　Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured. = Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured. 萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。

　　翻译练习：

　　1)很幸运，下雨前我们已经到家了。

　　Luckily, we had got home before it began to rain.

　　2)张华说他的笔记本丢了。

　　Zhang Hua said he had lost his notebook.

　　3)他曾告诉过我，会议两点钟开。可是当我到了以后，我还得等到两点半。

　　He had told me that the meeting was at 2, but when I arrived I had to wait till 2:30.

　　4)他在这里住了两三天，才觉得没有什么拘束(feel at home)。

　　When he had stayed here for two or three days, he began to feel at home.

　　过去完成进行时

　　(1)形式：had been + 动词的现在分词。

　　(2)用法：表示一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作，此行为动作或刚结束、或还没结束(可以从上下文看出)。这一时态经常与一般过去时一起使用。例如：

　　When he came in, I had been trying to repair the TV for a couple of hours. 他进来的时候，我一直在努力修理电视机好几个小时了

　　The roads were dangerous. It had been raining for two whole days. 道路很危险。雨一直下了两整天。

　　They were tired because they had been digging since dawn. 他们累了，因为从天亮开始他们就一直在挖。

　　The boy was delighted with the new mountain bike. He had been hoping for one for a long time. 那男孩得到一辆新山地自行车很高兴。很长时间来他一直希望有一辆。

　　一般将来时

　　一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式：

　　(1)shall/will + 动词原形

　　表示单纯的将来，不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I, we用shall 或will，其余用will. 其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：

　　例如：

　　I shall be twenty years old next year. 我明年二十岁。

　　The sky is black. I think it will rain. 天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。

　　You will meet him at the station this afternoon. 你下午会在车站碰到他。

　　The train will arrive soon. 火车快要到了。

　　When shall we see you next time? 我们下次什么时候能看见你呢?

　　He probably won’t go with us.  他大概不能和我们一起去。

　　练习：

　　用be going to 或will.填空：

　　1)What are you doing with that spade? ?I ___ (plant) some trees. (am going to plant)

　　2)This is a terribly heavy box. ?I ___ (help) you carry it. (will help)

　　3) I’ve left my watch upstairs. ?I ___ (go) and get it for you. (will go)

　　4) Who will post this letter for me? ?I ____.    (will)

　　5) She has bought a length of cloth; she ____ (make) herself a dress. (is going to make)

　　将来进行时

　　(1)构成：shall/will be + 现在分词

　　(2)用法：将来进行时动词表示在将来某一段时间内将会发生的动作。

　　This time next week we shall be working in that factory. 下星期这时候，我们将在那个工厂劳动。

　　When I get up tomorrow morning, my mother will be getting breakfast for me. 当我明天早晨起床时，我妈妈将在为我准备早饭。

　　I will be seeing him next month. 我下个月将要见他。

　　Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair.    我们明天去赶集。

　　We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July. 七月份我们要去海边度假。

　　一般将来时与将来进行时都表示将来，那么如何区别一般将来时和将来进行时呢?将来进行时不表示个人意愿，强调主观上感觉某事即将发生，并对这一事情有着期待，感情色彩较浓，强调动作。一般将来时主要是对某一事情即将发生做一个事实性的说明或陈述，强调事实或意愿。

　　翻译下列句子：

　　1)下月这个时候，我们将呆在南京了。

　　This time next month we shall be staying in Nanjing.

　　2)在今天下午的会议上，你们讨论这个计划吗?

　　Will you be discussing the plan at the meeting this afternoon?

　　3)你会见到我的兄弟吗?

　　Will you be seeing my brother?

　　4)下学期你教我们吗?

　　Will you be teaching us next term?

　　5)你来的时候，我们将在开会。

　　When you come we shall be having a meeting.

　　6)下周这个时候，我们将在考试。

　　This time next week we shall be taking our exams.

　　过去将来时

　　(1) 由should/would + 动词原形构成。第一人称用should; 第二、三人称用would。美国英语所有人称一律用would. should/would 的简略形式为’d, 如I’d, you’d; would not 和should not的简略形式分别为wouldn’t 和shouldn’t.

　　(2)过去将来时表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情，多用在宾语从句中。还可以表示过去的倾向或过去经常发生的事情。如：

　　They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon. 他们问我是否很快要去广州。

　　She told me she would come again next week. 她和我说她下周还来。

　　I told him to leave immediately, but he wouldn’t. 我告诉他马上离开，但他不。

　　He’d play the violin when he was in low spirits. 他情绪低落的时候，就拉小提琴。

　　When I was in college, I would find a part-time job during the summer holidays every year to earn my tuition. 我上大学的时候，每年暑假都找份临时工挣学费。

　　(3)其他表示过去将来时的结构：

　　1)were/was going to + 动词原形，表示过去的安排、打算或确信某事会发生，多用于口语。如：

　　I told her I was going to see her that afternoon. 我告诉她我那天下午要去看她。

　　I was sure (that) they were going to do that. 我确信他们要做那件事。

　　2)were/was to + 动词原形，表示安排，命令或后来将要发生的事。如：

　　He didn’t know he was to become famous later on. 他不知道以后他会出名。

　　They were to receive salaries from the government. 他们将接受政府的工资。

　　She and I were to meet at an agreed place. 她和我将在一个约定的地方见面。

　　3)were/was about to + 动词原形，表示正要、即将发生的事。如：

　　Mrs. Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first. 布朗夫人刚要开始，但是珍妮先说话了。

　　He was about to say something more, but then checked himself. 他正要再说点什么，却又打住了。

　　He waited until she was about to leave. 他一直等到她即将离开。

　　将来完成时

　　(1)构成：shall/will + have + 过去分词

　　(2)用法：将来完成时动词主要表示在将来的某一时刻或将来的某一时刻之前完成的动作，这一动作也可能继续进行。例如：

　　By seven o’clock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good line. 如果火车运行正常，我们今天下午七点就到上海了。

　　Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have completed his work. 到上床睡觉的时候，小明会做完他的工作(或作业)。

　　By February next year this foreign expert will have been here on this job for five years. 到明年二月，这个外国专家在这儿做这项工作就满五年了。

　　By Sept. 2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games.  到2008年9月，北京将举行完了奥运会。

　　翻译练习：

　　1)七月份你们再来时，他们就搬进新房子里去了。

　　When you come again in July, they will have moved into a new house.

　　2)到下一个五一节，我们在一起的时间就很长了。

　　By next May Day we shall have been together for a long time.

　　3)我相信，在你到那儿之前，这些困难他已经解决了。

　　I’m sure he will have settled/solved the difficulties before you arrive there.

　　4)到明年七月，我就大学毕业了。

　　By July next year, I will have graduated from college.

　　关于动词时态的几点说明

　　1、一般不用进行时的动词，它们用一般现在时表示现在进行时

　　(1)表示心理状态的词：accept, agree, allow, believe, care, dislike, fear, forget, hate, know, like, love, mean, mind, need, prefer, realize, remember, respect, understand, want, wish等。还有 admit, decide, permit, promise, receive, refuse等。

　　I accept what you say. 我接受你说的话。

　　I don't agree to this proposal. 我不同意这个建议。

　　(2)感官动词和表示状态的动词一般不用进行时。系动词：如hear, look, notice, see, smell, sound, taste等词。表示状态的词：be, belong to, exist, have, remain, seem, stay等词。例如：

　　I see him now; he’s talking to a girl. 我看见他了，他正在和一个女孩说话。

　　The warships belong to the navy and the tanks belong to the army. 军舰属于海军，坦克属于陆军。

　　The tea tastes fresh. 这茶味道很新鲜。

　　It sounds strange, but it is true. 听起来很奇怪，但这是真的。

　　2、下列句型常用一般现在时表示现在进行时

　　Here/There+动词+名词主语：

　　Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了。

　　There goes the bell. 铃声响了。

　　Here/There+代词主语+动词：

　　Here he comes! 他来了!

　　There he goes! 他走了!

　　在make sure (certain) 后面的从句常用现在时表示将来时：

　　There aren’t many seats left for the concert; you’d better make sure that you get one today. 这场音乐会剩下的座位不多了，你最好今天订妥一个位子。

　　I’m leaving now。 -Make sure you lock the window. 我现在走了。 你务必把窗户关上。