四级词汇重点语法讲义

　　1.时态语态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，将

　　来进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，现在完成进行时，

　　过去完成进行时，过去将来时，过去将来进行时，过去将来完成时，过

　　去将来完成进行时

　　主动，被动

　　A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes, _______ from the sort of candles used only in churches. (1999. 6)

　　A) had come B) coming C) come D) that came

　　2.虚拟语气

　　1)基本形式：与现在实际情况相虚拟(did/were...would/should do)，与过去实际情况虚拟(had done...would/should have done)，与将来实际情况虚拟(were to do...would/should do)，与将来实际情况可能相反(should do...would/should do)

　　2)特殊句型：

　　(1) Had the doctor been available, the child would have been saved.

　　(2) if only, suppose: If only I could afford such a big house.

　　Suppose you were a millionaire, how would you spend the

　　money?

　　(3) It is (about, high) time sb. did sth.

　　(4) without, but for, but that, or, otherwise:

　　Without air and water, no human being could survive on the earth.

　　But for your timely help, we couldn’t have finished the job on time.

　　She was seriously ill last night, otherwise she would have attended the party.

　　(5) 错综时间条件句：

　　If I were you, I wouldn’t have left school so early.

　　Had you listened to your parents ten years ago, you would be a successful

　　scientist now.

　　(6) 需要用虚拟的动词：

　　suggest, propose, insist, prefer, order, command, advise, desire, recommend, require, intend, decide, request, deserve, demand, determine, arrange, beg, ask, pray, urge, move, instruct, stipulate, maintain,

　　(7) 需要用虚拟的名词

　　idea, importance, insistence, motion, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, suggestion, necessity, desire, motion, requirement, resolution, demand, stipulation, advice, preference, wish

　　(8) 需要用虚拟的形容词

　　advisable, anxious, appropriate, better, desirable, eager, essential, imperative, important, insistent, keen, natural, necessary, possible, preferable, proper, urgent, vital, absurd, best, content, unfair, odd, pleasant, right, strange, crucial, surprising

　　(9) wish

　　She wishes that she were a teacher.

　　I wish I could take a walk on the moon.

　　(10) would(had) rather, would sooner, would just as soon

　　I’d rather you stayed with us tonight.

　　I would just as soon they had done the job ahead of time.

　　(11)as if, as though

　　She talks as if she were a doctor. (It seems as if it’s going to rain.)

　　(12)in case, lest, for fear that

　　She took an umbrella in case it should rain.

　　Remember to leave earlier lest you should miss the train.

　　Who would you rather __________ with you, George or me? (2002. 6)

　　A) going B) to go C) have gone D) went

　　It is important that the hotel receptionist __________ that guests are registered correctly (2001. 1)

　　A) has made sure B) made sure C) must make sure D) make sure

　　3.非谓语动词

　　(1).以不定式做宾语的动词

　　aim, arrange, ask, afford, agree, apply, attempt, beg, bother, choose, claim, consent, care, decide, decline, demand, dare, desire, determine, elect, endeavor, expect, fail, guarantee, happen, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, presume, pretend, proceed, profess, promise, refuse, request, resolve, seek, strive, swear, tend, threaten, undertake, volunteer, wish

　　(2).以动名词做宾语的动词

　　miss, mind, enjoy, avoid, admit, finish, escape, practice, acknowledge, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, consider, complete, contemplate, delay, deny, endure, evade, facilitate, favor, forbid, forgive, imagine, involve, permit, quit, resent, resume, suggest, advocate, detest, excuse, fancy, mention, resist, risk, stand, understand, celebrate, dispute, doubt, dread, ensure, hinder, prohibit, recommend, can’t help, feel like

　　(3).不定式和动名词都可，但意义不同

　　mean, try, stop, regret, forget, remember, go on, love, like, hate, prefer, dislike

　　The bank is reported in the local newspaper __________ in broad daylight yesterday. (2001. 1)

　　A) being robbed B) having been robbed C) to have been robbed D) robbed

　　There’s a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means __________ trouble. (1997. 1)

　　A) making B) to make C) to have made D) having made

　　I’ll never forget __________ you for the first time. (2001. 1)

　　A) to meet B) meeting C) to have met D) having to be meeting

　　4.倒装

　　1)虚拟条件句，省略if，同时将had, were, should提到主语之前

　　Were it not for your help, we couldn’t have arrived there.

　　2) so/such...that

　　So little did he know about the subject that he had to stay up preparing for the exam.

　　3) as, though, no matter how (what), however

　　Young as he is, he has accomplished a lot.

　　However cold it is, he will go swimming in the lake.

　　4) so, neither, nor

　　He didn’t go to the concert, neither did his family.

　　5) no, hardly, never, scarcely, seldom, barely, rarely, no longer, not until, no sooner...than,

　　hardly...when, not only...but also, not, little, at no time, by no means, on no account, in

　　no case, in no way, under/in no circumstances在句首

　　6)only+adverb, prepositional phrase, adverbial clause

　　Only in this way can we hope to solve the problem of environmental pollution.

　　7) here/there/now/then/hence

　　Here comes the bus.

　　We have been told that under no circumstances __________ the telephone in the office for personal affairs. (1999. 6)

　　A) may we use B) we may use C) we could use D) did we use

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      5.一致性

　　1)时态一致

　　2)主谓一致

　　(1)时间，重量，长度，价值，面积，体积可以是单数

　　(2)and表示一个整体，用单数

　　bread and butter, cup and saucer, knife and fork, ebb and flow, needle and thread, trial and error, law and order, teacher and mother, president and commander-in-chief

　　(3)people, police, cattle, poultry, militia, youth通常为复数;public, family,

　　committee, audience, choir, class, club, company, council, crew, firm, gang,

　　school, staff, union, board, flock, government, jury可单可复

　　(4)any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, every, everybody, everyone,

　　everything, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, somebody, someone, something

　　(5)with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, accompanied by, in addition to,

　　rather than, besides, as much as

　　(6)either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, not...but

　　(7)a number of, the number of

　　The owner and editor of the newspaper __________ attend the conference. (2002. 6)

　　A) is to B) are to

　　The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, __________ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities. (2000. 6)

　　A) allow B) allows C) allowing D) have allowed

　　6.形容词和副词

　　1)形容词的词序：限定词(冠词，代词，所有格形式)+数词或last, next等+一般描述性形容词+大小，长短，高低+形状+年龄，新旧+颜色+国籍，地区，出处+物质材料+用途，类别+名词中心词

　　a bright red silk dress, a beautiful large green Chinese carpet

　　2)比较级和最高级

　　old (older, oldest, elder, eldest), far (farther, farthest, further, furthest), superior

　　3) 形容词的主动和被动

　　surprised, surprising

　　7. 情态动词

　　You __________ him so closely; you should have kept your distance. (2000. 1)

　　A) shouldn’t have been following B) couldn’t have been following

　　C) mustn’t follow D) shouldn’t follow

　　8. 连词

　　1)并列连词：and, but, yet, for, so, while, whereas, or, as well as, rather than, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also

　　2)从属连词：

　　(1)引导时间状语：when, whenever, as, since, till, until, before, after, as soon as, once, the moment, the instant, immediately, the day, no sooner...than, hardly/scarcely...when, instantly, every time, the minute, the second

　　(2)地点：where, wherever, everywhere

　　(3)条件：if, unless, providing/provided (that), as long as, so long as, on condition that, suppose, supposing that, in case, if only

　　(4)原因：because, as, since, now that, seeing (that), considering (that), in view of, in that

　　(5)让步：though, although, even if, even though, as, while, whatever, wherever, whoever, however, no matter..., granting/granted (that), in spite of, despite

　　(6)比较：as...as, the same as, not so as, than

　　(7)方式：as, as if, as though, the way

　　(8)目的：that, so that, lest, in case, for fear that, in order that

　　(9)结果：so that, so...that, such...that, to such a degree/extent that

　　__________ receiving financial support from family, community or the government is allowed, it is never admired. (2001. 1)

　　A) As B) Once C) Although D) Lest

　　__________ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight. (1999. 6)

　　A) For B) Since C) Before D) While

　　9. 代词

　　As __________ announced in today’s papers, the Shanghai Export Commodities Fair is also open on Sundays.

　　A) being B) is C) to be D) been

　　10. 强调句型

　　__________ she realized it was too late to go home. (2000. 1)

　　A) No sooner it grew dark than B) Hardly did it grow dark that

　　C) Scarcely had it grown dark than D) It was not until dark that

　　11. 平行结构(排比)

　　I’d rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than __________ a room with someone else. (2001. 1)

　　A) share B) to share C) sharing D) to have shared

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　　12. 独立结构

　　1)名词/代词+分词

　　A new technique __________, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent. (1990. 1)

　　A) working out B) having worked out

　　C) having been worked out D) to have been worked out

　　2)With+名词/代词+done/doing

　　After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys __________ to go to school. (1997. 1)

　　A) to be encouraged B) being encouraged

　　C) been encouraged D) be encouraged